Title
Boko Haram insurgents in Nigeria: Causes, Origin and Effects
Dedication
I dedicate this to my Father, Mr Gabriel Chukwuemeka Eze
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my gratitude to my father who played a major role in getting this research done. My gratitude also goes to my assessors for their diligent reviews and useful comments which have added to the quality of this mini thesis. My gratitude also goes to my friends around the world for standing by me. I thank Dr Anyadike Dominic O. for approving this topic!
Preface
We are living in a world where terrorism is not only the problem of the developed and highly developed countries, but also a menace to the developing and underdeveloped. Terrorism is a bane of African countries, it is a new experience which she is battling to be accustomed to.
This research work traces the history of terrorism in Nigeria, specifically the terror of the Islamic sect- Boko Haram. The first chapter paints a miniature image of what Nigeria is, her history, government and challenges. The chapter also goes on to explain the nature of Boko Haram. The next chapter take a cue by examining the history of the sect, which incidentally was from Maiduguri, the history of their insurgencies and their aims and objectives. The penultimate chapter examines the causes of their actions, the socio-economic and religious effects on the peoples and government of Nigeria. The chapter goes further to proffer solutions to the insurgencies of this terrorist group.
Adopting the solutions stated in this work would go a long way at eradicating the or at least drastically reducing the actions of this group, to enforce national development.
Table of Contents
Title page i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Preface iv
Table of contents v
Chapter One
1.0Introduction............................................................................................
1.1 Definition of Terms................................................................................
1.1.1 The country Nigeria............................................................................
1.1.2 Boko Haram.......................................................................................
Chapter Two
2.1 Brief History of Boko Haram................................................................
2.2 Boko Haram and terrorism....................................................................
2.3 Aims and objectives of Boko Haram....................................................
Chapter Three
3.1 Boko Haram insurgents: The Causes....................................................
3.2The effects of Boko Haram insurgents in Nigeria.................................
3.3 The way forward for Boko Haram insurgencies in Nigeria.................
Chapter Four
4.1 Summary..............................................................................................
4.2 Conclusion...........................................................................................
Bibliography
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
The present security challenge caused by the Islamist terrorist group Boko Haram in Nigeria is not only about the barbarity and violent cruelty of its terror operations, and its declared mission to force Islamic law on the country, but also about the confusion over the precise ground(s) for the bloodshed.
One of the consequences has been the evolving multiple theories that attempt to describe and explain the motive of the Islamic group. Many theories have surfaced to explain the problem, largely orbiting around socio-economic, political, and religious themes.
Though none of these viewpoints may wholly explain the problem, studies that ponder on intelligence gathering failure, poor and bad criminal justice system, political frameworks warrant particular consideration, particularly relative to national security, the country’s image, global war on terrorism and importantly the 2015 elections.
This research work is meant to expound the cause of Boko Haram insurgents, its origin and the effect of their menace on the socio-economic, political and religious wellbeing of the country Nigeria.
1.1. Definition of terms
1.1.1 The country Nigeria
Nigeria is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Nigeria achieved independence in 1960 from the British, but plunged into civil war in 1967, which lasted 30 months.
The political history of the Nigerian nation can be traced from the actions and activities of the British colonialists, at the beginning of the 20th century. The amalgamation of formally differently administered territories of southern and northern protectorates and colonies in 1914 by Lord Lugard officially sealed the birth of Nigerian nation. But it took about 33 years later (in 1945), for Nigeria to become a political entity under one administrative unit
It has since alternated between democratically-elected civilian governments and military dictatorships, with its 2011 presidential elections being viewed as the first to be conducted reasonably freely and fairly, which ushered President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan into power.
Nigeria is often referred to as the "Giant of Africa", due to its large -population and economic strength. With approximately 174 million inhabitants, Nigeria has the largest population more than any country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. The country is inhabited by more than 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. Regarding religion, Nigeria is roughly divided in half between Christians, who live predominantly in the southern and central parts of the country, and Muslims, concentrated mostly in the northern and south western regions. A minority of the population practice religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to Igbo and Yoruba peoples.
1.1.2 Boko Haram
Boko Haram is a Nigerian Islamist militant group made up of dispersed cells and factions in the northeast part of the country. It started with a group of young Islamic radicals in Maiduguri, the capital of Borno state, more than ten years ago. The group has officially adopted the Arabic name "جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد" (Jamā'at ahl as-sunnah li-d-da'wa wa-l-jihād), which if translated means "people committed to the propagation of the prophet’s teachings and jihad ".
The term "Boko Harām" comes from the Hausa word boko, which is originally derived from an Hausa word with meanings such as "fraud" and "in authenticity", and the Arabic word harām figuratively meaning "sin" (literally, "forbidden"). Translated, the name could mean "Western education is sinful", which would show its strong opposition to anything relating to Western civilization, which it sees as corrupting Muslims. Residents who speak the Hausa language are also unsure what it actually means.
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Brief history of Boko Haram
In 1995, the group was said to be functioning under the name Shabaab, Muslim Youth Organization with Mallam Lawal as the leader. When Lawal left to further his education, Mohammed Yusuf took over leadership of the group. Yusuf’s leadership allegedly opened the group to political influence and popularity. The group was originally established at Ibn Taymiyyah mosque, which was named after Boko Harām's spiritual head.
Yusuf officially founded the group in 2002 in the city of Maiduguri with the aim of establishing a Shari'a government in Borno State under then-Senator Ali Modu Sheriff. He established a religious complex that included a mosque and a school where many impecunious families from across Nigeria and from neighbouring countries enrolled their progenies. For the first seven years of its existence (2002-2009), Boko Haram's operations were relatively peaceful, and they typically only criticized northern Muslims for partaking in what the group considered to be an illegitimate, non-Islamic state.
The centre had underlying political goals and soon it was also working as a recruiting ground for future jihadis to attack the state. The group includes members who come from neighbouring Chad and Niger and speak only Arabic. Later in 2004, the complex was relocated to Yusuf's home state of Yobe in the village Kanamma near the Niger border.
After the killing of Mohammed Yusuf, the group carried out its first attack in Borno in January 2011. It resulted in the killing of four people. Abubakar Shekau, a former deputy to Yusuf, took control of the group after Yusuf's death in 2009. Shekau has been described as "an intensely private bookish theologian and ruthless killer, and rules a fractured organization". Since Shekau's rise, the violence has escalated in terms of both frequency and intensity. The US has placed $6m reward for any information that could lead to his arrest.
Bad governance, corruption, persistent economic hardship, and rising inequality have fostered the growth of radical extremist groups. A Nigerian bishop characterized Boko Haram as "a resistance movement against misrule rather than a purely Islamic group."
2.2 Boko Haram and Terrorism
Firstly, I need to let you know the definition of terrorism. Terrorism is defined by Encarta dictionary as Violence or the threat of violence, especially bombing, kidnapping, and assassination, carried out for political purposes.
In the United Kingdom, legislation titled Terrorist Act 2000 states that terrorism is “the use or threat of action . . . designed to influence the government or to intimidate the public or a section of the public . . . for the purpose of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause.” The legal system and code of law of the United Kingdom has influenced those of the United States, Canada, and Israel.
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 6th edition views it as the use of violent action in order to achieve political aims or to force government to act. Encarta encyclopaedia defines terrorism as the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear for bringing about political change. According to an Awake writer, terrorism involves (1) acts aimed at non-combatants and (2) the use of violence for dramatic purpose, namely to instil fear (Awake! June, 2011).
I see terrorism as use of violence or threats of violence to influence and destabilize government, gain public attention and to cause dread, fear and panic to the members of the public.
The definition above highlights the short term and long term goals of terrorism. The short term goals are to damage national economy, destabilize the government, gain publicity and media control (they enjoy this a lot). The long term goal of terrorism is the distribution of power.
It is pertinent to note that there are different types of terrorism, they are:
- Nationalistic terrorism
- Religious terrorism
- State sponsored terrorism
- Left wing terrorism
- Right wing terrorism
- Anarchist terrorism (they aim at destabilizing the government)
Now let’s relate this to our case study which is Boko Haram, as I go further to critically examine the aims and goals of this terrorist sect.
2.3. Aims and objectives of Boko Haram
According to a recent USIP and CLEEN Foundation study, the three major reasons young men join Boko Haram are unemployment and poverty, manipulation by extremist religious leaders, and a lack of awareness of the authentic teachings of Islam.
The United States security expert, Ambassador Daniel Benjamin, has described the Boko Haram sect as the world’s deadliest terror group at a public lecture at Port-Harcourt. They kill at least 7 persons per attack. Nigeria’s Ambassador to the US Professor Adebowale Adefuye stated, “classifying Boko Haram as a FTO would only advance Boko Haram’s aspirations. Recognition by a sovereign the size and stature of the US would give them the title they seek and status they desire. It would legitimize their struggle and give them a fundraising platform otherwise unattainable from their current perch in northern Nigeria.” This emphasises the short term goal of terrorism which is to gain publicity.
Boko Haram aims to make northern Nigeria an Islamic state. The sect seeks to establish a "pure" Islamic state ruled by sharia, putting an end to what it considers to be Westernization. Although it has relationship with other African terrorist groups, it has few jihadist ambitions beyond Nigeria. Western interests are rarely targets of its attacks.
The group has also forcibly converted non-Muslims to Islam. This summarily means that their actions are majorly religiously inclined which is why I would term their terrorist actions as religious terrorism.
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Boko Haram insurgents: The Causes
Anyone who has ever heard of the havoc wreaked on the government and people of Nigeria would easily to ask “why”. We have seen the major aims which they have in mind in the previous chapter. Now let’s see what made them adopt those aims, and we will briefly look at the source of their motivation.
In 2009, there was a clash between Boko Haram and Nigerian security forces. Violence across several states in northeast Nigeria left over 1,000 dead, with around 700 killed in the city of Maiduguri alone, according to one military official.
A government investigation later found that, while long-standing tensions existed between Boko Haram and the Nigerian Security forces, the immediate cause of the violence stemmed from an incident in which a group of the sect's members were halted by police in the city of Maiduguri as they were on the way to the cemetery to bury a comrade. The officers, part of a special operation whose objective is stamping out violence and rampant crime in Borno State, demanded that the young men comply with a law requiring motorcycle passengers to wear crash helmets. They were unwilling to obey and, in the confrontation that followed, several were shot and wounded by the police.
After the short lived uprising, which was brutally put down by the Nigerian military, having too many casualties Boko Haram went quiet, only to re-emerge with drive-by shootings, targeting individuals. Its approach soon grew sophisticated with the use of bombs; including suicide bombing. Its targets were security forces, governmental institutions, local community leaders, but widened to include Christians and Nigerians of southern origin living in the north. At the time, it was the worst violence the country had experienced since November 2008.
From another perspective, Islam online suggests that politics, not religion, was the cause of the terrorist activities of this sect. In the same vein, Chris Kwaja, a Nigerian university lecturer and researcher, asserts that “religious dimensions of the conflict have been misconstrued as the primary driver of violence when, in fact, disenfranchisement and inequality are the root causes”. Nigeria, he points out, has laws granting regional political leaders the power to qualify people as original inhabitants known as indigenes, or not. It determines whether citizens can partake in politics, become a land owner, get a job, or go to school. The system is abused widely to ensure political support and to exclude others. Economic profits are unequally shared among the regions. They see a need to balance the economic gap between the north (Muslims) and the south (Christians). Muslims have been denied indigene-ship certificates disproportionately often. In reference to the types of terrorism stated in the previous chapter, politics is not singularly the cause of the violence. Its cause has basically some religious explanation with a political undertone. For instance some people, including a Christian pastor George Orjih, were reportedly murdered specifically because they refused to convert to Islam.
Boko Haram’s violence is motivated by funding from governmental officials. A spokesman of Boko Harām claimed that Kano state governor Ibrahim Shekarau and Bauchi state governor Isa Yuguda had paid them monthly. During May 2014, Nigerian soldiers shot at the vehicle of their divisional commander whom they suspected of working secretly with Boko Harām and it was reported that nine Nigerian generals suspected for sale of weapons to Boko Harām were being investigated. Other sources of their funds are extortions from local government, kidnapping and ransoms, bank robberies and other minor sources.
According to a security source, “Boko Haram has been able to smuggle arms into Nigeria through the use of various methods such as the use of specially crafted skin or thatched bags attached to camels, donkeys and cows where arms are concealed and moved across the borders with the help of nomadic pastoralists or herders. However, they are at times intercepted by the security services. Boko Haram is said to primarily use human couriers to move cash around inside Nigeria, rather than banking transactions. Constant success of ``11these transactions and funding makes their operations smooth and easy.
3.2 The Effects of Boko Haram insurgents in Nigeria
Unlike other foreign countries like the US, Nigeria had never felt the sharp prong of terrorism until the first public attack on her. She has battled continuously to end the insurgents. Let us examine the socio-economic, political and religious effects of Boko Haram insurgents.
The group exerts influence in the northeastern Nigerian states of Borno, Adamawa, Kaduna, Bauchi, Yobe and Kano. Each time they strike, they leave behind scores of deaths that make the mind nervous. Men, women and children have fallen victims. Blood has been utterly spilled. Deaths and more deaths have become recurrent; carnages, a daily sight on our streets.
But the government and the security agencies have not also been keeping quiet. They are involved in this, they are fighting.
The Department of the State Service, DSS, is busy with intelligence gathering. The Police is at work too. Fortunes had equally been expended in the midst of a state of emergency which had been extended by six months in the states considered to be hot zones. But unfortunately, the fire still rages.
Economic effect exerted by the sect are seen for instance in Maiduguri, Borno State, where the sect originated, the frequent bombings and clashes between Boko Haram and security agents have weighed down seriously on commercial and businesses activities in the city as many business have reportedly crumbled while many people have fled the state. The decline in economic fortunes of Borno state started with the ban on the use of motorcycles in the state and other volatile council areas where over 80,000 people lost their means of livelihood.
The Maiduguri Monday Market said to be the biggest market in the city is reported to have been seriously affected as hundreds of shop owners, especially Southerners are said to have closed their businesses and left the troubled city. About half of the 10, 000 shops and stalls in the market were said to have been abandoned by traders who have fled the city. A lot of Igbo are said be relocating from the city to Abuja and the East for a more secured business environment. Many residents of Maiduguri and some other northern cities live in perpetual fear.
Banks and their customers are also said to be operating under difficult situation and have reduced their business hours to guard against being attacked by members of the sect.
The masses are disappointed at the Government at the federal, state, and local governments who they blame because they have the power, authority and responsibility and have failed to use them to bring about good governance. They allow disabling levels of corruption, stealing, and criminal waste of public resources. The activities of the sect have been a distraction to the administration of President Goodluck Jonathan. He is currently passing through the heat of the criticisms emanating from the publicity of the abduction of over 200 Chibok secondary school girls. Many Nigerians at home and in Diaspora have held massive campaign tagged “bring back our girls”
The activities of this group have also caused fear on the people of other religions especially the Christian folks. Churches have continuously been the target of the sect whose aim as have been afore mentioned is to Islamize Nigeria.
3.3 The way forward for Boko Haram insurgencies in Nigeria
There are different solutions proffered by experts to the violence inflicted by Boko Haram on the people and government of Nigeria especially after military actions failed to solve the problem. It would interest you to know that terrorism has no technological solutions. Technology actually heighten terrorism . Since no state can help another to develop, Nigeria should not expect foreign solution, she can only find the solution herself.
According to a News24Nigeria reporter, Peregrino Brimah, “Boko Haram is a sophisticated terrorist network with tentacles. They are determined, desperate and dangerous. This threat is more complex than the Nigerian security department with is political challenges, and constraints and Abuja as can quell. It has been four years of worsening terror.” He then suggests that “Nigeria needs a new and intelligent, sophisticated approach that involves a superior force of numerous civilian soldiers, equipped with sophisticated gadgets, to defeat Boko Haram. We need the collective energy and brains of the people. We need a civilian army to combat this terror”. But if untrained civilians are organized and equipped with arms, what will be the fate of the country since even the military can’t be trusted with arms. Comparing this with the United State’s Blackwater , it should be noted that the Nigerian citizens don’t have the same ideology with the Americans, at least possession of arms are allowed for US citizens unlike Nigerian citizens. A civilian group especially the organized ones have the propensity to destabilize the government at will. It could also increase indiscriminate use of arms.
Experts believe that the group's influence will only diminish when the Nigerian government begins to reduce the poverty in the North and builds an education system supported by the locals.
There are some general solution to the issue of terrorism which can also be applicable in the Nigerian context. They are
- The control of the availability of guns and weapons
- When people are aroused, it leads to aggression. The government need to pacify situations in the affected places. Peace drives away chaos and violence
- War, as initially mentioned should be the last option to the solution of terrorism. War begets war, aggression begets aggression, so, using violent means to address terrorism only stops it for a while (as seen in the military raids on Boko Haram).
- Preventive measures should be taken by states against terrorist attacks.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Summary
Corruption, political instability and economic challenges are the some of the familiar problems faced by Nigerians until the event of Boko Haram terrorism which has since then tortured the government and peoples of Nigerians alike. The group acts on the basis of economic, political and religious grounds. It is believed that the insurgencies are caused by the inequality in the economic distribution in the country and the desire to Islamize Nigeria.
Their activities also have some impact in the lives of the people. It has distracted the governmental developmental efforts. It has also crippled the economy of the north especially in Borno, the birth place of the sect where the fear of attacks has halted businesses and trade. It has indeed caused untold hardship on Nigerians.
Finally, there also are some available solutions that could go a long way at halting the activities of this group, some of which are, the control of weapon importation, education, and establishing peace.
4.2 Conclusion
I suggest that the President of Nigeria should channel the nation’s resources to the fight against the terror inflicted by this group. I believe that no nation state can develop amidst rising incidents of terrorism.
I want to conclude by saying that the root cause of terrorism is in the mind. When the psychology of the people is wrong, we will be sure that the level of development will reflect these inadequacies. We will have to correct that mindset to help in human development.
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References
Awake! Terrorism: When will this end? New York: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. June 2011.
Ekereke, Aniefiok Silas (2013). The effects of Boko Haram insurgency and the school system; A case study of selected states in northern Nigeria. http://www.sjpub.org/sjsa/abstract/sjsa-137.html. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
Heidi Schultz (2014). Nigeria’s Boko Haram, who are they and what do they want. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140507-boko-haram-nigeria-borno-state-maiduguri-mohammed-yusuf-abubukar-shekau-goodluck-jonathan-world/. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
Hoffman, Bruce. "Terrorism." Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
John Shiklam (2012). How Boko Haram activities destroyed the economy of the north. This Day. http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/how-boko-haram-activities-destroy-economy-of-the-north/122763/. Retrieved 13 July, 2014
Peregrino Brimah (2014). Civilian Army: The urgent solution to Boko Haram. http://m.news24.com/nigeria/MyNews24/Civilian-Army-The-urgent-solution-to-Boko-Haram-20140429. Retrieved July 13, 2014
Rosa Whitaker (2014). Boko Haram: Nigerian problem with a Nigerian solution. http://www.eftngr.com/opal/analysis/46- comment/1810-boko-haram-nigerian-problem-with-a-nigerian-solution. Retrieved 13 July, 2014
Wikipedia. 2009 Boko Haram uprising. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Boko_Haram_Uprising . Retrieved July 13, 2014.
Wikipedia. Boko Haram. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram . Retrieved July 13, 2014
Wikipedia.Nigeria. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria. Retrieved 13 July, 2014
Wikipedia. Terrorism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism. Retrieved 13 July 2014
Sunday, August 3, 2014
Saturday, June 14, 2014
How to develop a relationship over the social network
When you meet a girl on the social network, do not ask her for anything personal, like her phone number until after several weeks of chatting
Do not steal her phone number. Wait until she decides to release her number.
When calling her, do not call at odd times.
Do not engage in a long emotional discussion. Understanding one another is hard over the social network, primarily because there is no face to face contact. Skype is not enough to guarantee us that advantage.
Do not bombard her with messages. Know when to stop.
When texting, adopt a good sense of humour.
Do not habitually repeat questions or press her to answer the one she wants to avoid.
Avoid lies, as it might blow up.
Tell her more about yourself and feel free to ask her to tell you about herself.
Ask her about her likes and dislikes
And most importantly have a good memory for events, even if it means buying a diary to keep track of happenings.
CHECK OUT THIS TOO
Things to do to make a girl you just met to fall in love with you
Do not steal her phone number. Wait until she decides to release her number.
When calling her, do not call at odd times.
Do not engage in a long emotional discussion. Understanding one another is hard over the social network, primarily because there is no face to face contact. Skype is not enough to guarantee us that advantage.
Do not bombard her with messages. Know when to stop.
When texting, adopt a good sense of humour.
Do not habitually repeat questions or press her to answer the one she wants to avoid.
Avoid lies, as it might blow up.
Tell her more about yourself and feel free to ask her to tell you about herself.
Ask her about her likes and dislikes
And most importantly have a good memory for events, even if it means buying a diary to keep track of happenings.
CHECK OUT THIS TOO
Things to do to make a girl you just met to fall in love with you
Monday, June 9, 2014
Ndi-ogo vs school boys at UNEC
Yea! We nailed it hard this time! Just take a good look at this...
BOY TALK
“I’m bored,” she says.
Gallant knight he is, he delves into rosy speech, proposing a date and whatever. Her face assumes a bored expression.
“Translation, you don’t come around from town or from senior staff quarters, possibly without car. You don’t have the solutions to my problems.
He wonders why she complained to him in the first place
You see, in the other side of UNEC relationship, these girls see the guys as diaries. Diaries don’t talk or proffer solutions. They are kept in the dark corners of the closet. Slammed with the stories of activities and problems of ndi-ogo. They are usually dusted out of the dark closet on lonely nights when there are no ndi-ogos around.
ADVICE TO GIRLS
Flatter him with talks of being your best friend, in other words, your best diary, the one that listens most. And he must be content with that. The moment he starts getting bigger ideas, stop calling him friend, call him my brother. Stop hugging him, give him chaste handshakes or pats in the back. He’ll get this message. If by accident you really, really care for him, don’t let him know! Remember, he is merely your school boy. Look out for ndi-ogo, they are the ones that pay. The new road they constructed near COSCHARI is for ndi-ogos to be having smooth rides.
ADVICE TO GUYS
Guys, if she calls you friend, be careful. Don’t get carried away. Think before going to her room. You may turn out to be very unwelcome. Who do you think that bearded hunk in the same room is waiting for, conspicuously jingling car keys in his hand? So, don’t make a fool of yourself. She knows the different between car keys and keys to an empty cupboard in IJ. She will most likely go for the car keys. Don’t sell your soul(or simply put your heart). It is not worth a Z10. Just make sure no girl reduces you to a monk lifestyle. At worst go down to Nsukka. The girls there are more beautiful, and more generous. Believe me, i know. And there are no Mr Biggs, no Bubbles, Coca-Cola Villa or Nourisha at Nsukka.
CONCLUSION OF THE MATTER
My momma told me that dating is basically for emotional support. Not just about putting airtime in phone or visiting reigning joints in town. Its abut someone you will want to relieve a day’s stress with, share problems and triumphs and have a lot of fun in the process. What about sex and marriage? I think both are the by-product of a good relationship, certainly not the end product. Good relationships go beyond sex and marriage.
But that’s just my momma talking. What does she know? This is UNEC!
GIRL TALK
Very funny, very funny. That’s all i can say. The note above sounds like the person writing it has a complex. Or is he biased? So what if the school guys are dumped for ndi-ogos? Let them face reality. Na empty cupboard girls go chop?
Every human being likes good things. No one would see gold and go for ash. So just brave up to the fact that school boys don’t have but should be determined to have in future. The thing is that this is just a vicious circle. The ndi-ogos were once intimidated students and one day, school guys will become ndi-ogos themselves.
Lets face the fact. 80% of girls that go out with ndi-ogos do so because they know that their biological clock is ticking, and with ndi-ogo, there is more certainty with marriage, unlike school guys who are even afraid to talk to their parents.
About the friend issue, that described above is pathetic. I don’t want to believe that girls are that callous. Why the writer got so personal about the thing is that he might have a crush on one of his various confidant. If not, he would just see the girl’s gigt as just a story, and he would even proffer his own escapades
To end on a truthful note, not all these ogo girls are really happy in their relationship. But the writer above. But if the writer can show with evidence school relationships that have started, bonded and survived the years in school to the outside world; if he just show me and my friends 10 of such relationships, we promise to start by dating him.
Tuesday, June 3, 2014
LANGUAGE, ART, AND CULTURE IN NIGERIA- ITS RELEVANCE TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
[CHAPTER ONE
1.0 – Introduction
The objective of this study is to discuss Language, Art and Culture in Nigeria with a view to showing their relevance in the political and social lives in our communities and the nation in general. In order to achieve this desired objective, one has to first understand the meanings of the key words in the topic. This will help to delve into the matter very comprehensibly.
1.1 – Definition of Terms
1.1.1 – Language: Language is a means of communication. It comes from a Latin word “Lingua” which means “tongue.” Without language, human beings and human civilization would be a pale shadow of what they are (Corballis: 2004). It is defined as an index of human intelligence which is therefore used as a symbolic system of communication (Egonwa: 2010).
According to Kingfisher Children’s Encyclopedia, Language is “how humans communicate with one another; either through speech, writing or sign language.” Lahey (2012: 277) defined language as “a symbolic code used in communication.” According to the Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary (6th Edition), Language is “the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by people of a particular country.” Therefore, in my own perspective, language is the systematic means of communication in which skills, attitudes, cultures, beliefs, knowledge and information can be transmitted from one person to another or to a group of people which can be done via speech, sign language and writing.
1.1.2 – Art: Art lacks any single generally accepted definition. Nyah (2006: 109) sees art as “any man-made beauty, which shows that it is artificially made, arranged, ordered and re-ordered by men to evoke beauty for our visual satisfaction.” According to the Kingfisher Children’s Encyclopedia, art is “any creative work used to portray images and to express feelings – from drawing, painting and sculpture to architecture and computer graphic.” Art, as I see it, is the various innovations, skills and culture-related dance, music, etc. used as an identity of a group of people.
1.1.3 – Culture: The Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary (6th edition), defined culture as the arts, custom and institutions of a nation, people or group. Kluckholm (1951) has seen culture as representing the distinctive way of life of a group of people, their complete design for living. Culture as Lahey (2012: 99) sees it as the patterns of behavior, beliefs and values that are shared by a group of people. Jha (2001: 56) cited Taylor (1871) to describe culture as the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man a member of a society. In anthropological sense advanced by Edward Taylor (1871), Culture was meant as the complex totality of values, attributes, skills and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of the society. Culture according to Felix Ughamadu (for TIMES International 1986) refers to the totality of people’s way of life.”
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 – Brief History of Terms in Nigeria
2.1.1 – Language: The documentation of languages started already in the 17th century. The first Nigerian language as far as is known to be recorded by Europeans was the Kalabari variety of ijo (Jenewari, 1989). The Hausa Language is the oldest known written language in West Africa, dating back to before 1000 C.E. In northern Nigeria, many people who are not ethnic Hausas speak both Hausa and their own tribal language.
There are 521 individual tribal languages spoken in Nigeria, with English as the official language, this is the only language common to most people aside the pidgin. Hausa is unofficially regarded as Nigerians’ second language.
The dominant indigenous languages of the South are Yoruba and Igbo prior to colonization, these languages were the unifying languages of the south-west and the south-east respectively, regardless of ethnicity. However, since the coming of the British and the introduction of mission schools in Southern Nigeria, English has become the language common to most people in the area. Today, those who are not ethnic Yorubas or Ibos rarely speak Yoruba or Igbo. Pidgin, a mix of African languages and English, also is common throughout southern Nigeria. It basically uses English words mixed into Yoruba or Igbo grammar structure. Pidgin originally evolved from the need for British sailors to find a way to communicate with local merchants. Today, it is often used in ethnically-mixed urban areas as a common form of communication among people who have not had formal education in English.
2.1.2 - Art: Nigeria’s art dates back a long time over 2000 years by some archeological beliefs. The Nok terracotta and the Igbo-Ukwu art are examples of some excavations that have been discovered by archeologists to indicate a highly developed artistic and technologically-based civilization. Some of the really old arts found shows very much detail and very distinctive features suggesting technological skills way back when the Nok art for instance, has many images and copper utensils as well as sacred objects. The Ife Bronze heads are said to represent some of the past Oonis of Ife. The Bini people have a lot of ancient artwork that has become famous over different parts of the world. Today, art in Nigeria include a wide range of exhibits, including but not limited to sculptures, masks and paintings. Of course, when you talk about ‘art,’ there are also other cultural activities such as festivals, dances, drama, etc.
2.1.3 - Culture: There are more than 250 ethnic tribes in the present day Nigeria, with the three most dominant ethnic groups as Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba. Other smaller groups are the Fulani, Ijaw, Kanuri, Ibibio, Tiv, Edo, etc. Nigeria is made up of 50% Muslims (mainly in the North and West of the country), 40% Christians (mostly in the South), and 10% traditional beliefs.
Prior to their conquest by the Europeans, these ethnic groups had separate and independent histories. Their grouping today into a single entity known as Nigeria was a construct of their British colonizers. These various ethnic groups never considered themselves part of the same culture. There are ethnic varieties because there is diversity of art, dance forms, languages, music, customs and craft. Nigerians have a strong sense of ethnic allegiance.
2.1.4 – The Contributions of Language, Art and Culture to National Development.
Many developing nations of Africa including Nigeria is now focused on how to activate and improve the ability of people to utilize resources available to them in order to better their lives towards achieving sustainable development. Okereke (2002:2), defined development as “the maximization of the growth of the (G.N.P), through capital accumulation and industrialization.”
There are various cultural events that depict Nigeria’s cultural life; most popular of them are festival, music and dance exhibitions. This can be illustrated by citing the actions planned to be implemented in corporation with UNESCO: National exhibition of craftsmanship of the Nigerian people; or developing educational activities and the Youth in Nigerian Museum, etc.
Art like culture is man-made. It can be used to shape different vocational careers such as Medicine, Pharmacy, Engineering, Architecture and others. It can also be used for socialization, and also as a form of communication between artists and community or audiences.
Since art and culture are people-centered and involves socialization which would involve general commitment, solidarity and social integration will in no doubt achieve sustainable development. The government has a role to play by emphasizing more on art and culture because of its inherent creativity instead only science and technology, which they seem to take as the only route to development.
Language is a gift which helps people to form an enduring society by creating and transmitting a distinctive culture. Without an efficient means of communication, it would not be possible to co-ordinate the efforts of many people in a division of labor, to regulate their behavior for the common good through laws or to amass the wisdom learned through experience by previous generations and pass it on through education. There will be no textbooks on stories, culture, etc. Human beings with their superior mental equipment, have great advantage over other creatures. Language is the vehicle through which societies internalize their cultural values and belief system. Nigerian languages have contributed immensely to the nation’s development. We all cannot deny the importance of language such as its role in enhancing productivity, international relations, skill acquisition, information dissemination, etc. Language has an integrative, socializing power by the force of its inducing solidarity. This perhaps, accounts for its being a key to national development. The force of language is so determinate that whatever socio-economic technological and humanistic condition any group of people see themselves in, is largely a function of languages.
In summary of this Chapter, Whorf Benjamin in Carrol, 1967, observes that language is the best show man put on. We need to master the complex force at play in languages as a means of cultural integration and catalyst of socio-economic and technological progress of the nation.
Nigeria, being blessed with numerous cultures whose backgrounds are colorful, is characterized by ethnic differences which even make it more beautiful. The presence of Language, art and culture brings together these ethnic differences in such a way that each ethnic group tries to get themselves acquainted with another’s language, art and culture. Consequentially, this aids sustainable development because the barriers of language and culture are broken.
CHAPTER THREE
3.1– Language, Art and Culture in the Nigerian Society.
Language is the oldest human institution and the most sophisticated medium of expression. Language as means of communication and expression is an element of culture which in many ways defines, determines and unarguably dimensions a nation’s identity in less organized society. Culture relies on an appropriate language of transmission to make the desired impact overtime. In multi-linguistic setting such as Nigeria, the development of about 400 languages to the level they can assist in modern civilization is herculean. The answer might be a powered national language project in which pidgin will be enlarged with reasonable extracts from the three major languages. This is possible as the various purpose of South-Central Nigeria such as the Yoruba, Benin, Isoko, Igbo and Ijo are linguistically of the same language stock (Armstrong, 1964).
Art is the most advanced form of human expression. It involves the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments or experiences that can be shared with others. “Nollywood, has come to stay and her presence in the entertainment industry cannot be doubted. Its audience is large and it has become a way of life for millions. Besides, the language of Nigerian home video particularly its features replicates the societal values, cultures and aspirations of Nigerians” (Amadi, 2009). In the same way, the African art which is centered on functionality rather than aesthetic is religious-driven. Art in Nigeria may be created, performed or displayed indoors or outdoors in the public, such as theatre, concert hall or museum, landscape beautification, horticulture, city centers, African festivals, Nigerian festival and rites of passage feature special music, dance, songs, bodily adornments and other expressive manifestations of culture which shows religious admix. Art which is a product of creativity, imagination, intuition and skills helped the caveman to fashion tools for hunting. This depicts art as being as old as man. And for Nigerian art which the famous Benin art, the beautiful Yoruba dance and the wonderful Calabar costume and so on, depicts the richest blend of culture and art in Nigeria.
As previously defined in Chapter One, culture is seen as man-made activity which is shared and transmitted from one generation to another. Generally, culture is divided into two broad categories, namely: the Material and Non-material cultures. Ikwuegbu (2008: 130) noted that, material culture deals with those tangible and visual elements in the cultural environment which includes tools, technology, utensils, machinery, as well as equipments. It could further be broken down to include shelter, transportation and communication. The Non-material culture consists of beliefs, music, dance and child-raising practices. It also includes folkway, norms, laws and values of a people. The Non-material culture dwells richly in our nation Nigeria. The material culture artifacts helped man’s survival in the different cultural environment he found himself. As stated clearly in the previous chapter, the diversity of art, language and culture in the Nigerian society, the historical background of Nigeria proves that it has abundant vast cultural endowment.
3.2– Language, Art and Culture as a Badge of Identity
A badge according to the oxford advanced learners’ dictionary means something that a particular quality is present.
Identity, or what can be referred to as ethnic identity according to Lahey(2012: 99) means each person’s sense of belonging to a particular group or ethnic group.
Ethnic group is composed of the descendant of a common group of ancestors usually from a particular country or area (Lahey, 2012: 99). This can be seen in our country Nigeria which has a rich blend of culture, art and various languages in her thick population.
Culture is the characteristic of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. Culture is influenced by the many groups that now make up Nigeria. It varies from society to society. Various cultures in Nigeria have been at one point in time or the other, influenced by other culture. From the foregoing, it is very apparent and clear that culture is a very crucial part of any group of people and language is an intrinsic part of culture.
Language is been cited in the previous chapter, is a communication tool that makes exchange of ideas, beliefs, religion, social habit, possible. Language represents a particular group of people and there are many languages In Nigeria: Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Efik, Ijaw, Igala, Edo, Tiv, Fulani, Akwa-Ibom, etc. This very languages help to identify the different groups in the society which an individual belongs. And people are supposed to be proud of their own indigenous languages which are referred to as mother tongue and every child, as a matter of importance, suppose to know how to speak his own. However, in Nigeria, the most popular languages are the Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa whereas we have more than 250 ethnic groups in the country. Sadly, English language has the highest esteem among Nigerian. Nowadays, anyone that speaks the indigenous language is seen as belated, uncivilized and archaic. Let me cite an example, Beatrice Ejogu, a 400-level University student who had her primary and secondary education in South Africa before coming back to Nigeria for her University Education. Her parents are Igbo but Beatrice is unable to speak to speak the language. It was always a problem for her to interact with her grandparents each time she visits her home town. This problem is as a result of her parents’ adoption of English as the language of communication for her and her siblings. Her return to Nigeria did not help matters, as her interaction with her peers is in English.
Parents must rise up and take a stand to teach their children how to speak the indigenous language. Also, the government must make it a point of duty to make our indigenous language a must in school curricular. We embrace our local language and not relegate it to the background. All hands must be on deck to ensure we speak our language, in the office, school, home and anywhere, even home and abroad. Surely, it is identity.
Nigeria possesses her own traditional art, forms and style that have been established even though she shares with the rest of Africa an art heritage with identifiable characteristics. The significance of Nigerian traditional art was not revealed to the outside world until after the Second World War. The Benin art as previously mentioned has been part of the history of art in Nigeria, the Nok Terracotta made between 500 B.C and 200 A.D are reputed to be the oldest sculptures in Africa.
In summary, language, art and culture is the badge of identification; it is a means whereby peoples of other countries would recognize us and appreciate our heritage.
3.3- The relevance of language, art and culture.
Almost all Nigerians speak more than one language. The numerous Nigerian languages are central to the cultural unity and harmony of its multi-ethnic society. The tribal languages in Nigeria are mostly used for mass communication and for media like for Television and Radio. These languages are also taught in schools which explain their wide-spread use and adoption. Traditional Nigerian literature also often employs the popular local languages of the country.
In Nigeria, music is an important art. Popular music includes highlife, juju, afro-soul, fuji, afro-beat, apala, sakara, and a lot more. The most important musical instruments are percussions and string instruments. Art in Nigeria includes the Nigerian literature. Visual arts and crafts have remained part of Nigeria’s cultural tradition. All these have gained wide popularity, not only within the country but internationally.
Nigerian culture gives a lot of importance in treating guests with utmost care and warmth. The hospitality of people represents their tradition. That is why people are not supposed to say ‘thank you,’ when they are offered food. Nigerian culture includes variety in types of clothing. What is common in their dressing style is the conservativeness. Nigerian culture is as old as 2000 years and what makes it stand out is its diversity.
3.4- Recent Development in language, art and culture in Nigeria.
A lot of work has been done in research systematization and preservation of cultural heritage. There have been various attempts to develop the culture of the people of Nigeria. There some policies that were carried out to set direction of public policies, they are
Development of cultural infrastructure and introduction of new technologies in cultural activities.
Establishment of links between culture and education, as well as between education and different cultural industries, particularly mass media.
Affirmation of authentic cultural values and cultural heritage.
The national culture policy is generally regarded as an instrument of promotion of national identity and Nigerian unity.
Cultural co-operation of Nigeria is carried on the basis of signed agreement either bi-lateral or multi-lateral. The coordinating of cultural cooperation is the Federal Department of Culture. Nigerian cultures and art are very much in contact with the Western cultural production and mass media. The Nigerian government backs the cultural exchange through exchange artists, exhibitions, information materials, etc on the reciprocal basis. UNESCO, apart from the support of festivals, exhibitions, etc pays particular attention to relevant cultural issues such as collection, analysis and documentation of oral tradition, restoration and conservation of national monuments, creative writing, education, training in cultural development, etc. Some Nigerian languages have grown to be acknowledged and government is taking steps in ensuring its inextinction.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1- Summary:
Language, art and culture work hand in hand. Though different languages are spoken in this multi-cultural nation, there is still one thing that enhances development which is the adoption of Pidgin English as a common language among the educated and non-educated, English among the educated and the bilingual attitude of most Nigerians. Art has helped to shape the Nigerian history and exposed her to the international community.
4.2- Conclusion
A cultural policy which will harmonize Nigerian languages has potentials to converge key cultural practices. It is my considered opinion that one Nigerian is achievable through sound management of our present diversities via one voice.
If development is only meaningful within cultural imperatives of a people, then the implementation of a pragmatic cultural policy for Nigeria must be taken seriously
Therefore, language, art and culture are indispensable in the achievement of national integration which is its major relevance.
4.3- Recommendation
I hereby recommend that indigenous languages should be taught in schools and also be promoted by parents and government so as to avoid its death.
Culture and Art should be promoted in our art centers by the means of festivals and art and cultural displays
1.0 – Introduction
The objective of this study is to discuss Language, Art and Culture in Nigeria with a view to showing their relevance in the political and social lives in our communities and the nation in general. In order to achieve this desired objective, one has to first understand the meanings of the key words in the topic. This will help to delve into the matter very comprehensibly.
1.1 – Definition of Terms
1.1.1 – Language: Language is a means of communication. It comes from a Latin word “Lingua” which means “tongue.” Without language, human beings and human civilization would be a pale shadow of what they are (Corballis: 2004). It is defined as an index of human intelligence which is therefore used as a symbolic system of communication (Egonwa: 2010).
According to Kingfisher Children’s Encyclopedia, Language is “how humans communicate with one another; either through speech, writing or sign language.” Lahey (2012: 277) defined language as “a symbolic code used in communication.” According to the Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary (6th Edition), Language is “the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by people of a particular country.” Therefore, in my own perspective, language is the systematic means of communication in which skills, attitudes, cultures, beliefs, knowledge and information can be transmitted from one person to another or to a group of people which can be done via speech, sign language and writing.
1.1.2 – Art: Art lacks any single generally accepted definition. Nyah (2006: 109) sees art as “any man-made beauty, which shows that it is artificially made, arranged, ordered and re-ordered by men to evoke beauty for our visual satisfaction.” According to the Kingfisher Children’s Encyclopedia, art is “any creative work used to portray images and to express feelings – from drawing, painting and sculpture to architecture and computer graphic.” Art, as I see it, is the various innovations, skills and culture-related dance, music, etc. used as an identity of a group of people.
1.1.3 – Culture: The Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary (6th edition), defined culture as the arts, custom and institutions of a nation, people or group. Kluckholm (1951) has seen culture as representing the distinctive way of life of a group of people, their complete design for living. Culture as Lahey (2012: 99) sees it as the patterns of behavior, beliefs and values that are shared by a group of people. Jha (2001: 56) cited Taylor (1871) to describe culture as the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man a member of a society. In anthropological sense advanced by Edward Taylor (1871), Culture was meant as the complex totality of values, attributes, skills and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of the society. Culture according to Felix Ughamadu (for TIMES International 1986) refers to the totality of people’s way of life.”
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 – Brief History of Terms in Nigeria
2.1.1 – Language: The documentation of languages started already in the 17th century. The first Nigerian language as far as is known to be recorded by Europeans was the Kalabari variety of ijo (Jenewari, 1989). The Hausa Language is the oldest known written language in West Africa, dating back to before 1000 C.E. In northern Nigeria, many people who are not ethnic Hausas speak both Hausa and their own tribal language.
There are 521 individual tribal languages spoken in Nigeria, with English as the official language, this is the only language common to most people aside the pidgin. Hausa is unofficially regarded as Nigerians’ second language.
The dominant indigenous languages of the South are Yoruba and Igbo prior to colonization, these languages were the unifying languages of the south-west and the south-east respectively, regardless of ethnicity. However, since the coming of the British and the introduction of mission schools in Southern Nigeria, English has become the language common to most people in the area. Today, those who are not ethnic Yorubas or Ibos rarely speak Yoruba or Igbo. Pidgin, a mix of African languages and English, also is common throughout southern Nigeria. It basically uses English words mixed into Yoruba or Igbo grammar structure. Pidgin originally evolved from the need for British sailors to find a way to communicate with local merchants. Today, it is often used in ethnically-mixed urban areas as a common form of communication among people who have not had formal education in English.
2.1.2 - Art: Nigeria’s art dates back a long time over 2000 years by some archeological beliefs. The Nok terracotta and the Igbo-Ukwu art are examples of some excavations that have been discovered by archeologists to indicate a highly developed artistic and technologically-based civilization. Some of the really old arts found shows very much detail and very distinctive features suggesting technological skills way back when the Nok art for instance, has many images and copper utensils as well as sacred objects. The Ife Bronze heads are said to represent some of the past Oonis of Ife. The Bini people have a lot of ancient artwork that has become famous over different parts of the world. Today, art in Nigeria include a wide range of exhibits, including but not limited to sculptures, masks and paintings. Of course, when you talk about ‘art,’ there are also other cultural activities such as festivals, dances, drama, etc.
2.1.3 - Culture: There are more than 250 ethnic tribes in the present day Nigeria, with the three most dominant ethnic groups as Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba. Other smaller groups are the Fulani, Ijaw, Kanuri, Ibibio, Tiv, Edo, etc. Nigeria is made up of 50% Muslims (mainly in the North and West of the country), 40% Christians (mostly in the South), and 10% traditional beliefs.
Prior to their conquest by the Europeans, these ethnic groups had separate and independent histories. Their grouping today into a single entity known as Nigeria was a construct of their British colonizers. These various ethnic groups never considered themselves part of the same culture. There are ethnic varieties because there is diversity of art, dance forms, languages, music, customs and craft. Nigerians have a strong sense of ethnic allegiance.
2.1.4 – The Contributions of Language, Art and Culture to National Development.
Many developing nations of Africa including Nigeria is now focused on how to activate and improve the ability of people to utilize resources available to them in order to better their lives towards achieving sustainable development. Okereke (2002:2), defined development as “the maximization of the growth of the (G.N.P), through capital accumulation and industrialization.”
There are various cultural events that depict Nigeria’s cultural life; most popular of them are festival, music and dance exhibitions. This can be illustrated by citing the actions planned to be implemented in corporation with UNESCO: National exhibition of craftsmanship of the Nigerian people; or developing educational activities and the Youth in Nigerian Museum, etc.
Art like culture is man-made. It can be used to shape different vocational careers such as Medicine, Pharmacy, Engineering, Architecture and others. It can also be used for socialization, and also as a form of communication between artists and community or audiences.
Since art and culture are people-centered and involves socialization which would involve general commitment, solidarity and social integration will in no doubt achieve sustainable development. The government has a role to play by emphasizing more on art and culture because of its inherent creativity instead only science and technology, which they seem to take as the only route to development.
Language is a gift which helps people to form an enduring society by creating and transmitting a distinctive culture. Without an efficient means of communication, it would not be possible to co-ordinate the efforts of many people in a division of labor, to regulate their behavior for the common good through laws or to amass the wisdom learned through experience by previous generations and pass it on through education. There will be no textbooks on stories, culture, etc. Human beings with their superior mental equipment, have great advantage over other creatures. Language is the vehicle through which societies internalize their cultural values and belief system. Nigerian languages have contributed immensely to the nation’s development. We all cannot deny the importance of language such as its role in enhancing productivity, international relations, skill acquisition, information dissemination, etc. Language has an integrative, socializing power by the force of its inducing solidarity. This perhaps, accounts for its being a key to national development. The force of language is so determinate that whatever socio-economic technological and humanistic condition any group of people see themselves in, is largely a function of languages.
In summary of this Chapter, Whorf Benjamin in Carrol, 1967, observes that language is the best show man put on. We need to master the complex force at play in languages as a means of cultural integration and catalyst of socio-economic and technological progress of the nation.
Nigeria, being blessed with numerous cultures whose backgrounds are colorful, is characterized by ethnic differences which even make it more beautiful. The presence of Language, art and culture brings together these ethnic differences in such a way that each ethnic group tries to get themselves acquainted with another’s language, art and culture. Consequentially, this aids sustainable development because the barriers of language and culture are broken.
CHAPTER THREE
3.1– Language, Art and Culture in the Nigerian Society.
Language is the oldest human institution and the most sophisticated medium of expression. Language as means of communication and expression is an element of culture which in many ways defines, determines and unarguably dimensions a nation’s identity in less organized society. Culture relies on an appropriate language of transmission to make the desired impact overtime. In multi-linguistic setting such as Nigeria, the development of about 400 languages to the level they can assist in modern civilization is herculean. The answer might be a powered national language project in which pidgin will be enlarged with reasonable extracts from the three major languages. This is possible as the various purpose of South-Central Nigeria such as the Yoruba, Benin, Isoko, Igbo and Ijo are linguistically of the same language stock (Armstrong, 1964).
Art is the most advanced form of human expression. It involves the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments or experiences that can be shared with others. “Nollywood, has come to stay and her presence in the entertainment industry cannot be doubted. Its audience is large and it has become a way of life for millions. Besides, the language of Nigerian home video particularly its features replicates the societal values, cultures and aspirations of Nigerians” (Amadi, 2009). In the same way, the African art which is centered on functionality rather than aesthetic is religious-driven. Art in Nigeria may be created, performed or displayed indoors or outdoors in the public, such as theatre, concert hall or museum, landscape beautification, horticulture, city centers, African festivals, Nigerian festival and rites of passage feature special music, dance, songs, bodily adornments and other expressive manifestations of culture which shows religious admix. Art which is a product of creativity, imagination, intuition and skills helped the caveman to fashion tools for hunting. This depicts art as being as old as man. And for Nigerian art which the famous Benin art, the beautiful Yoruba dance and the wonderful Calabar costume and so on, depicts the richest blend of culture and art in Nigeria.
As previously defined in Chapter One, culture is seen as man-made activity which is shared and transmitted from one generation to another. Generally, culture is divided into two broad categories, namely: the Material and Non-material cultures. Ikwuegbu (2008: 130) noted that, material culture deals with those tangible and visual elements in the cultural environment which includes tools, technology, utensils, machinery, as well as equipments. It could further be broken down to include shelter, transportation and communication. The Non-material culture consists of beliefs, music, dance and child-raising practices. It also includes folkway, norms, laws and values of a people. The Non-material culture dwells richly in our nation Nigeria. The material culture artifacts helped man’s survival in the different cultural environment he found himself. As stated clearly in the previous chapter, the diversity of art, language and culture in the Nigerian society, the historical background of Nigeria proves that it has abundant vast cultural endowment.
3.2– Language, Art and Culture as a Badge of Identity
A badge according to the oxford advanced learners’ dictionary means something that a particular quality is present.
Identity, or what can be referred to as ethnic identity according to Lahey(2012: 99) means each person’s sense of belonging to a particular group or ethnic group.
Ethnic group is composed of the descendant of a common group of ancestors usually from a particular country or area (Lahey, 2012: 99). This can be seen in our country Nigeria which has a rich blend of culture, art and various languages in her thick population.
Culture is the characteristic of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. Culture is influenced by the many groups that now make up Nigeria. It varies from society to society. Various cultures in Nigeria have been at one point in time or the other, influenced by other culture. From the foregoing, it is very apparent and clear that culture is a very crucial part of any group of people and language is an intrinsic part of culture.
Language is been cited in the previous chapter, is a communication tool that makes exchange of ideas, beliefs, religion, social habit, possible. Language represents a particular group of people and there are many languages In Nigeria: Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Efik, Ijaw, Igala, Edo, Tiv, Fulani, Akwa-Ibom, etc. This very languages help to identify the different groups in the society which an individual belongs. And people are supposed to be proud of their own indigenous languages which are referred to as mother tongue and every child, as a matter of importance, suppose to know how to speak his own. However, in Nigeria, the most popular languages are the Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa whereas we have more than 250 ethnic groups in the country. Sadly, English language has the highest esteem among Nigerian. Nowadays, anyone that speaks the indigenous language is seen as belated, uncivilized and archaic. Let me cite an example, Beatrice Ejogu, a 400-level University student who had her primary and secondary education in South Africa before coming back to Nigeria for her University Education. Her parents are Igbo but Beatrice is unable to speak to speak the language. It was always a problem for her to interact with her grandparents each time she visits her home town. This problem is as a result of her parents’ adoption of English as the language of communication for her and her siblings. Her return to Nigeria did not help matters, as her interaction with her peers is in English.
Parents must rise up and take a stand to teach their children how to speak the indigenous language. Also, the government must make it a point of duty to make our indigenous language a must in school curricular. We embrace our local language and not relegate it to the background. All hands must be on deck to ensure we speak our language, in the office, school, home and anywhere, even home and abroad. Surely, it is identity.
Nigeria possesses her own traditional art, forms and style that have been established even though she shares with the rest of Africa an art heritage with identifiable characteristics. The significance of Nigerian traditional art was not revealed to the outside world until after the Second World War. The Benin art as previously mentioned has been part of the history of art in Nigeria, the Nok Terracotta made between 500 B.C and 200 A.D are reputed to be the oldest sculptures in Africa.
In summary, language, art and culture is the badge of identification; it is a means whereby peoples of other countries would recognize us and appreciate our heritage.
3.3- The relevance of language, art and culture.
Almost all Nigerians speak more than one language. The numerous Nigerian languages are central to the cultural unity and harmony of its multi-ethnic society. The tribal languages in Nigeria are mostly used for mass communication and for media like for Television and Radio. These languages are also taught in schools which explain their wide-spread use and adoption. Traditional Nigerian literature also often employs the popular local languages of the country.
In Nigeria, music is an important art. Popular music includes highlife, juju, afro-soul, fuji, afro-beat, apala, sakara, and a lot more. The most important musical instruments are percussions and string instruments. Art in Nigeria includes the Nigerian literature. Visual arts and crafts have remained part of Nigeria’s cultural tradition. All these have gained wide popularity, not only within the country but internationally.
Nigerian culture gives a lot of importance in treating guests with utmost care and warmth. The hospitality of people represents their tradition. That is why people are not supposed to say ‘thank you,’ when they are offered food. Nigerian culture includes variety in types of clothing. What is common in their dressing style is the conservativeness. Nigerian culture is as old as 2000 years and what makes it stand out is its diversity.
3.4- Recent Development in language, art and culture in Nigeria.
A lot of work has been done in research systematization and preservation of cultural heritage. There have been various attempts to develop the culture of the people of Nigeria. There some policies that were carried out to set direction of public policies, they are
Development of cultural infrastructure and introduction of new technologies in cultural activities.
Establishment of links between culture and education, as well as between education and different cultural industries, particularly mass media.
Affirmation of authentic cultural values and cultural heritage.
The national culture policy is generally regarded as an instrument of promotion of national identity and Nigerian unity.
Cultural co-operation of Nigeria is carried on the basis of signed agreement either bi-lateral or multi-lateral. The coordinating of cultural cooperation is the Federal Department of Culture. Nigerian cultures and art are very much in contact with the Western cultural production and mass media. The Nigerian government backs the cultural exchange through exchange artists, exhibitions, information materials, etc on the reciprocal basis. UNESCO, apart from the support of festivals, exhibitions, etc pays particular attention to relevant cultural issues such as collection, analysis and documentation of oral tradition, restoration and conservation of national monuments, creative writing, education, training in cultural development, etc. Some Nigerian languages have grown to be acknowledged and government is taking steps in ensuring its inextinction.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1- Summary:
Language, art and culture work hand in hand. Though different languages are spoken in this multi-cultural nation, there is still one thing that enhances development which is the adoption of Pidgin English as a common language among the educated and non-educated, English among the educated and the bilingual attitude of most Nigerians. Art has helped to shape the Nigerian history and exposed her to the international community.
4.2- Conclusion
A cultural policy which will harmonize Nigerian languages has potentials to converge key cultural practices. It is my considered opinion that one Nigerian is achievable through sound management of our present diversities via one voice.
If development is only meaningful within cultural imperatives of a people, then the implementation of a pragmatic cultural policy for Nigeria must be taken seriously
Therefore, language, art and culture are indispensable in the achievement of national integration which is its major relevance.
4.3- Recommendation
I hereby recommend that indigenous languages should be taught in schools and also be promoted by parents and government so as to avoid its death.
Culture and Art should be promoted in our art centers by the means of festivals and art and cultural displays
Monday, June 2, 2014
Justin Bieber apologises for using the "N" word in joke.
Justin Bieber is apologizing after a five year-old video surfaced showing the then-teenager telling a racist joke with the word "Nigger".
In a statement Sunday to The Associated Press, Bieber said when he was a kid he didn't realize how certain words could hurt. He says he learned from his mistakes and apologized for them, and now is apologizing again because they have become public.
"I'm very sorry," Bieber said. "I take all my friendships with people of all cultures very seriously and I apologize for offending or hurting anyone with my childish and inexcusable behavior."
The British tabloid, The Sun first published the video, which is five years old. In it, a then 15-year-old Bieber tells a joke about black people that has the racial slur as the punchline. Before he says it, someone warns him not to — but he says it anyway amid laughter.
"I thought it was ok to repeat hurtful words and jokes, but I didn't realize at the time that it wasn't funny and that in fact my actions were continuing the ignorance," the statement said. "Thanks to friends and family I learned from my mistakes and grew up and apologized for those wrongs. Now that these mistakes from the past have become public I need to apologize again to all of those who I have offended."
It's the latest controversy for Bieber, who over the past couple of years has dealt with brushes with the law and other problems that have dealt a blow to his once wholesome image. The video was taken when Bieber was just emerging as a pop sensation.
In his statement, Bieber said that "ignorance has no place in our society and I hope the sharing of my faults can prevent others from making the same mistake in the future.
"I thought long and hard about what I wanted to say but telling the truth is always what's right."
He ends the statement by saying "Once again ... I'm sorry."
In a statement Sunday to The Associated Press, Bieber said when he was a kid he didn't realize how certain words could hurt. He says he learned from his mistakes and apologized for them, and now is apologizing again because they have become public.
"I'm very sorry," Bieber said. "I take all my friendships with people of all cultures very seriously and I apologize for offending or hurting anyone with my childish and inexcusable behavior."
The British tabloid, The Sun first published the video, which is five years old. In it, a then 15-year-old Bieber tells a joke about black people that has the racial slur as the punchline. Before he says it, someone warns him not to — but he says it anyway amid laughter.
"I thought it was ok to repeat hurtful words and jokes, but I didn't realize at the time that it wasn't funny and that in fact my actions were continuing the ignorance," the statement said. "Thanks to friends and family I learned from my mistakes and grew up and apologized for those wrongs. Now that these mistakes from the past have become public I need to apologize again to all of those who I have offended."
It's the latest controversy for Bieber, who over the past couple of years has dealt with brushes with the law and other problems that have dealt a blow to his once wholesome image. The video was taken when Bieber was just emerging as a pop sensation.
In his statement, Bieber said that "ignorance has no place in our society and I hope the sharing of my faults can prevent others from making the same mistake in the future.
"I thought long and hard about what I wanted to say but telling the truth is always what's right."
He ends the statement by saying "Once again ... I'm sorry."
Tuesday, May 27, 2014
Things to do to make a girl you just met like you
INTRODUCTION
EVERYDAY, ANYTIME, ENYWHERE, WE MEET PEOPLE, WE INTERACT, AND WE SOCIALIZE. SEVERAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE FORMED, MANY BREAKUPS OCCUR. BELIEVE IT OR NOT, WE TEND TO JUDGE PEOPLE THROUGH FIRST IMPRESSION, THIS SURPRISINGLY DETERMINE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP. GIRLS’ WANT TO BE ‘LOVED’,UNDERSTOOD AND CARED FOR. TO FALL INTO THE OPTION A GIRL WILL CHOOSE, YOU AS A GUY NEED TO PLAY SOME IMPORTANT ROLE TO MAKE THE RIGHT IMPRESSION TO GET THAT GIRL. “EVERYMAN, ANYWHERE ANYTIME CAN SWEEP A GIRL OFF HER FEET, YOU JUST NEED THE RIGHT BROOM”
Be cool, don’t be nervous or anxious- don’t worry about the words you will say next prior to the meeting. If she is open minded, then the conversation will flow. This will guide you on things to say next.
• A girl might exhibit a 'hard to get' attitude, but worry, press on.
• don't even think about kissing her even after a month of meeting Her. Good girls hold it up till familiarity is well extablished.
Avoid stammering. It depicts lack of confidence (though some girls might find it interesting)
During the conversation especially on first meetings, have a perfect voice control. Use your best natural voice, don’t use too much gestures. Don’t talk in a very low voice, a very high voice is embarrassing to most girls. Mind every word you use, most times they hardly go unnoticed, girls use their ears pretty much better than the guys.
Asking a phone number from a girl you just met is no cool at all. Ask for her phone number in the second or better, in subsequent meetings.
Eye contact is very important. The eyes can make a full sentence make more sense. The eyes speak stronger word than the mouth can ever say. It could further enhance the communication process.
Also avoid touching her romantically on the first meeting. It doesn’t make sense to stimulate sensation through touch, even on the 5th meeting.
Be cheerful, but avoid smiling oddly
A girl would normally want you to do all the talking on the first meeting, even the talkative ones. So the way out of this possible trap is to think fast, formulate a discussion line, key into any expression she makes, but remember, do not think of what to say in advance. Relax, take a deep breath and make the discussion be as interactive as possible.
Do not ask silly questions such as, your age, address, age, hobbies, surname, etc. These questions might make you look stupid.
Learn to walk in a confident way, at least for a moment
Try to impress, but don’t go too extreme
Do not steal her number before or after the first conversation. Wait until she decides to release her number.
Do not fake your person
The way you are to act and talk depends on your location
Act as a nice guy
Make your values to cohere with hers
After the initial meeting you can ask her for her BBM PIN or better still her social network username. Afterwards, keep the heat blazing!
EVERYDAY, ANYTIME, ENYWHERE, WE MEET PEOPLE, WE INTERACT, AND WE SOCIALIZE. SEVERAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE FORMED, MANY BREAKUPS OCCUR. BELIEVE IT OR NOT, WE TEND TO JUDGE PEOPLE THROUGH FIRST IMPRESSION, THIS SURPRISINGLY DETERMINE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP. GIRLS’ WANT TO BE ‘LOVED’,UNDERSTOOD AND CARED FOR. TO FALL INTO THE OPTION A GIRL WILL CHOOSE, YOU AS A GUY NEED TO PLAY SOME IMPORTANT ROLE TO MAKE THE RIGHT IMPRESSION TO GET THAT GIRL. “EVERYMAN, ANYWHERE ANYTIME CAN SWEEP A GIRL OFF HER FEET, YOU JUST NEED THE RIGHT BROOM”
• A girl might exhibit a 'hard to get' attitude, but worry, press on.
• don't even think about kissing her even after a month of meeting Her. Good girls hold it up till familiarity is well extablished.
Avoid stammering. It depicts lack of confidence (though some girls might find it interesting)
During the conversation especially on first meetings, have a perfect voice control. Use your best natural voice, don’t use too much gestures. Don’t talk in a very low voice, a very high voice is embarrassing to most girls. Mind every word you use, most times they hardly go unnoticed, girls use their ears pretty much better than the guys.
Asking a phone number from a girl you just met is no cool at all. Ask for her phone number in the second or better, in subsequent meetings.
Eye contact is very important. The eyes can make a full sentence make more sense. The eyes speak stronger word than the mouth can ever say. It could further enhance the communication process.
Also avoid touching her romantically on the first meeting. It doesn’t make sense to stimulate sensation through touch, even on the 5th meeting.
Be cheerful, but avoid smiling oddly
A girl would normally want you to do all the talking on the first meeting, even the talkative ones. So the way out of this possible trap is to think fast, formulate a discussion line, key into any expression she makes, but remember, do not think of what to say in advance. Relax, take a deep breath and make the discussion be as interactive as possible.
Do not ask silly questions such as, your age, address, age, hobbies, surname, etc. These questions might make you look stupid.
Learn to walk in a confident way, at least for a moment
Try to impress, but don’t go too extreme
Do not steal her number before or after the first conversation. Wait until she decides to release her number.
Do not fake your person
The way you are to act and talk depends on your location
Act as a nice guy
Make your values to cohere with hers
After the initial meeting you can ask her for her BBM PIN or better still her social network username. Afterwards, keep the heat blazing!
Thursday, April 3, 2014
G-TECK New song
After their last year hit track titled "oh mpah",the G-teck has shown up again this year with a hot club banger they called "Zaga" featuring freak-p. Enjoy itHERE
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